Naval History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Naval History - Essay Example The Great Britain in a competition to match German Naval Power, constructed large battleship referred as HMS Dreadnoughts; this battleship was the dominant naval technology in the 20th century. People had a strong impression on this ship and many countries, specifically Germans were uneasy with British dominancy on Naval Space.1 The United States also constructed a more sophisticated Battleship referred as the HMS Agamemnon; this ship was constructed under President Roosevelt’s regime in the early 1902. The HMS Agamemnon was characterized by high-firing gun caliber. Before construction of the Agamemnon, the United States of America had also constructed HMS Dreadnoughts. Another similarity in relation to naval innovation between in the United States of America and the Great Britain was exhibited in the manner by, which the battleships were constructed. The HMS Dreadnoughts constructed by the United States of America and that constructed by the British, were fitted with Long Range Gunnery, however, they could only fire within a short period of time. The Idea of the fitting HMS Dreadnoughts with Long Range Gunneries was emulated by the United States in 1903, after the Yalu River Battle with Japanese: These long range gunneries were referred as Torpedoes. Similarly, the British Navy also saw the need to engage their opponent from long ranges of approximately 6000ft when using HMS Dreadnoughts. 2 Additionally, the use of Sub-Marines was an idea that was emulated by the United States as well as the Great Britain in the First and the Second World War. The use submarines to undertake naval warfare in the early 1900’s was perceived as a crude approach towards war both in the United States and the Great Britain. However, submarine as a naval technology was also subject to change and improvement and both the nations emulated the use of different classes of submarines i.e. the United States used the U-class models among other models,

Community College vs. Universities Essay Example for Free

Community College vs. Universities Essay Have you ever wondered which is better, community colleges or universities? Making the big choice on furthering your education is a big decision, but making the choice between community college and a university is even harder. Well let me give you some ideas. The cost, location, environment, and how long it takes for someone to finish are a couple of things to take into consideration. When looking at colleges you have Community college prices and University prices. Neither have a pretty price tag, but when compared side-by-side there is a big difference. Tuition prices for Mitchell Community College vary between instate and out of state. The price for an in state student is seventy two dollars per credit hour, and for out of state students you are looking at two hundred and seventy two dollars per credit hour. The tuition cost for a university like UNC is alone eight thousand, three hundred and seventy four dollars for an instate student. An out of state student is facing a tuition cost of thirty three thousand, six hundred and seventy four dollars!! So ,you can see that there is a pretty big difference in cost. The cost for education can vary between individuals, and not everyone is in the same financial status. Some people have the honor to be granted scholarships, and some students may have to take out loans, and not every can apply for financial aid , so every individual situation varies when it comes to education cost and their form of payment. Something else to consider is the location of the college. Do you prefer to move away and pay for dorm room cost at a big university? Or does staying at home, and being closer to family sound something like you would do? Moving to a university dorm can be drastically different, you won’t be at home in your own bed. Instead you will find yourself in a tiny room with a small bed and no privacy; because, let’s not forget you will have that beloved roommate. Moving into a dorm can be challenging too because of limited space and it’s pretty costly too. Staying back home will save money on living costs and there won’t be as many long trips to take when it’s time to go home. So,this varies on a person’s form of lifestyle that they are looking for. If they  want the whole â€Å"College experienceâ€Å", then they should go for the dorm facilities. But many people are just trying to get an education and the last thing they have on their mind is paying for a dorm room. Community college and universities environments are very different! A community college is usually located in small towns and a lower number of students who are from the surrounding areas. In community colleges you will find more familiar faces and longtime friends etc. Once you step into a university you can find yourself in a whirlwind of strange faces and different people. That could be very difficult for anybody. It’s like starting all over again, having to meet new people and make new friends just to get by. In universities you will also find the famous Sororities, and we cannot forget the fraternities, and to be part of community like that you must fit in with that life style or all be the same, so I hear. In community colleges you can find a much more settled environment, there are no sororities or frat parties. You can find interesting clubs or study groups. In universities you see big college sport teams, and community colleges you can’t find any. Either, way if it’s a community college based environment or university, anybody can create awesome, long lasting bonds, relationships, and friendships.

Linear Variable Differential Transformer and Strain Gauge Transducer

Linear Variable Differential Transformer and Strain Gauge Transducer There are many types of transducers displacement measurements, Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), capacitive transducer, potentiometer transducer, resistive transducer, optical transducer, etc. For our experiments purpose we use the LVDT, since its able to produce high output for relatively small displacement and for strain measurement we use the strain gauge transducer. Linear Variable Differential Transformer(LVDT): The linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is a type of electrical transformer used for measuring linear displacement. The transformer has three solenoid coils placed end-to-end around a tube. The centre coil is the primary, and the two outer coils are the secondarys. A cylindrical ferromagnetic core, attached to the object whose position is to be measured, slides along the axis of the tube, the figure below shows the construction of the LVDT. When an alternative current is applied into the primary coil, a voltage is induced in each secondary core; those voltages are directly proportional to the mutual inductance induced with the primary. As the core moves, these mutual inductances change, causing the voltages induced in the secondarys to change. The coils are connected in reverse series, so that the output voltage is the difference between the two secondary voltages. When the core is in its central position,the distance between the two secondarys is equal ,hence equal but opposite voltages are induced in these two coils, so the output voltage is zero. When the core is displaced in one direction, the voltage in one coil increases as the other decreases, causing the output voltage0 to increase from zero to a maximum. This voltage is in phase with the primary voltage. When the core moves in the other direction, the output voltage also increases from zero to a maximum, but its phase is opposite to that of the primary. The magnitude of the output voltage is proportional to the distance moved by the core (up to its limit of travel), which is why the device is described as linear. The phase of the voltage indicates the direction of the displacement. Because the sliding core does not touch the inside of the tube, it can move with little friction, making the LVDT a highly reliable device. LVDTs are commonly used for position feedback in servo-mechanisms, and for automated measurement in machine tools, control systems, robots, and many other industrial and mechanical systems. Strain Gauge: Strain gauge transducers are kind of sensors that transduce(convert) strain applied into an electrical signal ( usually voltage) for the purpose of pressure sensors applications, force and torque measurements. It was invented by Edward E. Simmons and Arthur C. Ruge in 1938, the most common type of strain gauge consists of an insulating flexible backing which supports a metallic foil pattern. A strain gauge is simply a resistor, whose value varies with strain in the material to which it is bonded. They can be used in various fields when a readable value needed to be modeled from a force or strain applications. The construction of the strain gauge sensor is as shown in the following figure. As seen in the figure it has a fine resistance wire, sensitive for load weights. Objectives: To obtain a characteristics of the LVDT and Strain gauge sensor. To obtain a mathematical equation for the sensors response. To obtain distance measurement using LVDT and Strain Gauge sensor and convert it to a Human readable form. Objectives: To obtain a characteristics of the LVDT and Strain gauge sensor. To obtain a mathematical equation for the sensors response. To obtain distance measurement using LVDT and Strain Gauge sensor and convert it to a Human readable form Significance of the problem: By doing this experiments, the functions of LVDT can be learnt. The LVDT advantages might be useful for lots of project such as measurement process, silent process, and any process that needs fast output generation. The disadvantages of LVDT also can be observed by doing this experiment, which are important to be learnt. By knowing the disadvantage, students can take these matters into consideration during system designing process. The importance of Strain gauge also can be learnt in this lab topic. In robotic system, force measurement is very important. The voltage used must be relevant depending to the load given. Energy wasting will happen if relation between load and voltage is ignored. Nowadays many companies want to produce something that saves energy and environmental friendly, so strain gauge can help to achieve that objectives. 1.3 Background and Literature Review LVDT Linear variable differential transformer is popularly known as LVDT. The LVDT contains one primary winding, and two secondary windings connected to each other in series opposing manner as shown in the figure below. The body whose displacement is to be measured is connected to the iron core. According to Haresh Khemani in Jan 28, 2010, graduate of Mechanical Engineering from University of Pune, India, LVDT comprises of the differential transformer that provides the AC voltage output proportional to the displacement of the core passing through the windings.. According to him too, LVDT is basically a differential transformer, whose voltage output is linear to the displacement of the object hence it is given the name linear variable differential transformer. Meanwhile, according to Measurement Specialties Incorporation.,a leading global designer and manufacturer of sensors and sensor-based systems, An LVDT, or Linear Variable Differential Transformer, is a transducer that converts a linear displacement or position from a mechanical reference (or zero) into a proportional electrical signal containing phase (for direction) and amplitude information (for distance).. According to this company, the operation does not require electrical contact between the moving part (probe or core rod assembly) and the transformer, but rather relies on electromagnetic coupling; this and the fact that they operate without any built-in electronic circuitry are the primary reasons why LVDTs have been widely used in applications where long life and high reliability under severe environments are a required, such Military/Aerospace applications. LVDT have been used widely in many applications. Companies such as Trans-Tek Inc. had done so many applications on LVDT such as LVDT use in ATM to Sense Dollar Bills by using miniature transducers, such as the Series 230 AC-AC LVDT. The low mass core is ideal for systems with low driving forces or high acceleration and, therefore, will not adversely influence the delicate nature of these applications. One application requiring a miniature LVDT is the multiple bill detector of an automated teller machine, or ATM. This mechanism is capable of detecting single, double and triple bills, as well as folded, taped, overlapping and soiled bills. Combining an AC-AC LVDT with the necessary electrical components will result in a relatively low-cost system with high-end performance. AimRite Holdings Corporation is a pioneer in the field of computer controlled suspension technology for the automotive industry. Targeting mainly sports utility vehicles (SUV) trucks, buses and RV.s, AimRite.s trademark product the COAST system uses the Model 0283-0000 AC-AC LVDT for continuous position feedback. This advanced suspension design offers numerous benefits including: luxury car ride with sports car performance, on-road and off-road application, replacement of sway bars and shock absorbers, simultaneous control of all vehicle dynamics, compatibility with conventional or air springs, reliability and flexibility at a minimal cost, and robust construction. Strain Gauge According to National Instrument, Strain is the amount of deformation of a body due to an applied force. More specifically, it is defined as the fractional change in length, As shown below it can be seen that strain can be positive (tensile) or negative(compressive) depending on the direction of force given. The strain gauge is one of the commonly used strain measurement sensors. It is a resistive elastic unit that changes in resistance is a function of applied strain. Where R is the resistance,  Ã‚ ¥ is the strain, and S is the strain sensitivity factor of the gage material (gage factor in some books). The majority of strain gauges are foil types, available in a wide choice of shapes and sizes to suit a variety of applications. They consist of a pattern of resistive foil which is mounted on a backing material. They operate on the principle that as the foil is subjected to stress, the resistance of the foil changes in a defined way. According to University of Massachusetts Lowell, strain gauge is a sensor used to transfer a mechanical strain to a quantifiable output. The strain gauge has a resistance which changes as a function of mechanical strain. Although the change in resistance can be quantified using an ohm meter, signal conditioning is used to convert the change in resistance to a voltage. The voltage may then be amplified, thus reducing quantization errors. The relationship between the input strain and the output voltage may be determined using the system sensitivity. In practice, strain measurement involves quantities larger than few milistrain, Therefore, to measure the strain; it requires accurate measurement of very small changes in resistance. To measure such small change, strain gauges are always used in a bridge configuration with voltage excitation source just like the Wheatstone bridge shown below From the equation, when R1/R2=R3/R4, output will be zero. Under this condition, bridge is in balance state. Any change of resistance will give value to output voltage. So if R4 is to be change into active strain gauge, any changes in the gauge resistance will unbalance the bridge and produce nonzero output voltage. In 1992, a patent on Strain gauge for medical applications by Bowman, Bruce R. (Eden Prairie, MN) is published. It is a strain gauge for use in certain medical applications, such as sensing the occurrence of an apnea event. The device is also applicable to monitoring mechanical motion associated with other medical conditions. The strain gauge actually measures the change in DC resistance produced by stretching and compression of a number of carbon deposits coupled in series on a longitudinally extendible substrate. This extendibility is produced by suitably die cutting a flexible but inherently inelastic insulative substrate. The easily produced device may be used externally or encapsulated for implantation. Meanwhile in 1987, Strain gauge scale for weighing fish patented by Reder, Lawrence H. It is a portable scale particularly for weighing fish and normally hand held and which includes a strain gauge for sensing the weight of a fish and the strain gauge providing a leg of a Wheatstone Bridge to provide the measuring of the strain placed upon a member to which the fish is attached. The unit includes battery sources for the required power and includes an LED display unit for reading of the weight of the fish. A zero set may be incorporated in the circuitry or a reset to zero reading may be provided. The unit provides a portable, accurate scale for weighing of fish and the unit may also include selective sensing circuitry for reading of other inputs such as temperature of water. 2.0 Methodology: In this experiment we are using the DIGIAC 1750,Digital-multimeter and oscilloscope. LDVT: Its intended to measure the rectified output voltage using a digital multimeter set on the range of 20V DC. The analog multimeter also used to compare the results when using it against a digital multimeter. The procedure for conducting this experiment are as follows: The circuit is connected as in Figure 6 with the digital multi-meter on the 2V DC range to monitor the output of the Full-Wave Rectifier. The power supply is switched ON. AC Amplifier gain is set to 1000. Gain Coarse and Gain Fine control of Amplifier #1 is set to 100 and 0.2 respectively for and adjusted to produce zero output with zero input. The core position is adjusted by rotating the operating screw to the neutral position to give minimum output voltage (voltage from the digital multi-meter). The result is recorded as in Table 1 below Table 1 The core control screw is rotated in steps of 1 turn for 4 turns in the clockwise direction and the result is recorded. Then the control screw is turned in the counter clockwise direction and the result is recorded. The graph of output voltage from the analog meter readings against core position is plotted. Strain Gauge: The circuit is connected as in Figure 7 below. Amplifier#1 coarse gain is set to 100 The power supply is switched on and the offset control of Amplifier#1 is set to produce zero voltage output under no load condition. Figure 10 : electrical connection of strain gauge Ten coins with similar weights(10 cent coins) are placed on the gauge and the gain fine control is adjusted to produce 7.0 voltage output One coin is placed on the load platform and the value is recorded in table 2 Table2 Step #5 is repeated and all values are noted in the table The graph of output voltage against number of coins is plotted. Another set of ten coins (20 cents) are placed on the load platform and the steps from 4 to 7 are repeated. Results and Analysis: Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) : The data shown in the following table shows the reading of both the analog and digital multi-meter for 4 turns in the clockwise and anti-clockwise directions after calibrating the core position into the initial neutral position. The results recorded in the table above then plotted on the graph in figure 11, showing the relationship between the output voltage for every respected trun of the core position. The result transformed from the table into the graph resembles the theoretical graph. The maximum negative and positive turn generate maximum voltage. When the turn is at neutral position, the voltage is almost zero indicate that both secondary coils have slightly same value. The graph is not perfectly a straight line due to external disturbance such as electromagnetic field source came from hand phone and other devices Strain Gauge: For this experiment we used two different types of loads with different weights, one with 10 cent coins and the other using 20 cent coins. The purpose of using those two different loads is to ensure accuracy and precision since the output should be the same as long the threshold values are set to be the same for both types.   The plot graph in figure 12 shows number of loads (10 cent) vs. output voltage is a transformation of the readable data into realistic form, which show linearity between the output voltage and the weight of a load. When no load is applied on the strain gauge, the voltage measured is 0V indicated that there is no resistance on the device. Using 10 cent coin, the graph generated is as expected, a linear graph To test the consistency, we used 20 cent coin and the graph generated is almost same as 10 cent coin experiment. 4.0 Discussion: 4.1 LVDT: The outputs produced are actually small, like can be seen in the data record for Digital multi-meter. So amplifiers are used to amplify the output so that the pattern of the output can be observed more clearly. Then, mathematical expression can be obtained. Let say, 9V is the highest output voltage that can be obtained. By using linear equation y = mx + c y is the output voltage x is the number of turns m is the sensitivity c is the displacement/offset For Expected Output: c = 0 because the values touches y axis at 0V. m= (9-0) / (4-0) = 2..25 V/turn So the mathematical expression is: y = 2.25|x|, since for -ve turn, the output is same for +ve turn. For Experimental Output: c = 0.5 For +ve turn, averagely, m = (9-0.5) / (4-0) = 2.125 V/turn So the mathematical expression is: y = 2.125x + 0.5; for positive turn For -ve turn, averagely, m = -(8-0.5) / (4-0) = -1.875 V/turn So the mathematical expression is: y = -1.875x + 0.5; for negative turn Even though the output generated is increasing as the number of turns increases, but the pattern of output readings are not smooth just like the expected output. It can be seen in figure below that the experimental values are not totally linear because the increasing rate is not consistent. This might happen because of LVDT disadvantage which is sensitive to stray magnet field. So, during the experiment, any electronic devices that produces magnetic field such as cell phone and notebook must be avoided to be close to the LVDT In term of waveform generated, it can be seen as in figure 15 that during the zero turn, the output voltage is in same phase as input, except the amplitude is lower. Meanwhile during positive turns, the output is lagging the input and the voltage amplitude is higher. As for the negative turn, the output is leading the output and the amplitude is higher. Strain Gauge Same like the LVDT experiments, the output produced by strain gauge is small, so it is amplified by the amplifier to make the observation more clearly. As illustrated in figure 16, it can be seen that the value of output increase as the number of load increases. By doing this experiment using two types of load, the consistency of the system can be tested. By using 10 cent and 20 cent coins as load, two data sets obtained. There are some differences in the values of the output of these two data. It suppose to give the same value no matter what type of load is used since the value of offset and maximum output have already been set at the beginning of the experiment. This might happen because of the external force as example, from the hand when putting the load on the platform and also from the pressure of the room that are not consistent. Even a small change in pressure of environment can affect the output because output from the strain gauge is amplified by 100. For the mathematical expression for this experiment can be obtain by using the same method as LVDT. By using linear equation y = mx + c y is the output voltage x is the number of load m is the sensitivity c is the displacement/offset For Expected Output: c = 0 because the values touches y axis at 0V. m= (7-0) / (10-0) = 0.7 V/turn So the mathematical expression is: y = 0.7x For Experimental Output: c = 0 because the values touches y axis at 0V. For 10 cent, averagely, m = (7.25-0) / (10-0) = 0.725 V/turn So the mathematical expression is: y = 0.725x; for 10 cent For -ve turn, averagely, m = (7.13-0.) / (10-0) = 0.713 V/turn So the mathematical expression is: y = 0.713x; for 20 cent

Macbeth: Destiny of Each Character is Pre-determined :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth: Destiny of Each Character is Pre-determined In the play Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, each characters destiny seems to be predetermined. This raises the ultimate question: who, or what, controls fate? Existentialism is the belief that each person defines their future by their decided actions: that the future has not yet been written. Fatalism is the belief that the outcome of all events is preordained, and therefore, unalterable. Throughout Macbeth, the character Macbeth makes many decisions which clearly affect his future, but are they truly decisions? Or, are his decisions examples of fatalism, where another force is guiding his actions to their predetermined conclusion? Many of the characters, events, and much of the imagery in Macbeth indicates that fate plays a prominant role in advancing the plot. The characters most easily identified with having supernatural powers are, obviously, the three witches. The Witches' ability to see into the future is demonstrated when Macbeth becomes thane of Cawdor. The line, "What? Can the devil speak true?" showes Banquo's surprise at the realization of the prophecy. But, would the Witches' prophecy of Macbeth's royal promotion have come true had they not made Macbeth aware of the possibility? There was no reason to warn Macbeth of the fate in store for him, since it is most likely impossible for a person to alter their destiny. It is quite possible that the witches have no real power at all, beyond that of suggestion. They may have only planted the idea within Macbeth, feeding off his already present ambition. Perhaps the only true controlling power comes from Lady Macbeth's uncontrollable greed. Once Lady Macbeth had learned of the witches' prophecy, she immediately concluded that Macbeth would not, with his present persona, be able to attain that which fate had bestowed upon him. "...Hie thee hither, That I may pour my spirits in thine ear And chastise with valor of my tongue All that impedes thee from the golden round Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem To have thee crowned withal." Lady Macbeth believed that it was her duty to induce Macbeth to carry out the necessary deed (Duncan's murder) to fulfil the prophecy. However, if Lady Macbeth had not influenced him, it is doubtful that Macbeth would have taken any action towards his Royal future. This substantiates the idea that the strength of the witches' words lies in the power of suggestion. Although Lady Macbeth stated her belief in Fate, she felt compelled to help it along. During the banquet, Macbeth realized that the path of his life was coming to a "fork in the road", and

Globalization and Its Impact Essay

Globalization has a major impact on the management of human resources in developing countries like India. The roles and responsibilities of Human Resource Departments are transforming as the modern business faces pressures of globalization. With accelerating globalization, organizations have had to change and new trends have set in even in the management of human resources. Globalization has forced organizations and their human resources to redefine their strategies. It is necessary for the management to invest considerable time and amount, to learn the changing scenario of the Human Resource Department in the 21st century. Now organizations need to place greater emphasis on attracting human capital rather than financial capital. In order to survive the competition and be in the race, HR Department should continuously update itself with the transformation in HR. Suitable HR Policies that would lead to the achievement of the organization as well as the individual’s goals should be formulated. The prime objective of the paper is to identify issues related with Globalization and its impact on Human Resource Development. The paper focuses on a number of outcomes of globalization, which promotes human resource development. It also states about several factors that inhibit the human resource development. Finally, the paper provides few strategy recommendations to develop human resources of developing countries in a changed situation of political economy of trade liberalization. Several articles of the renowned thinkers and practitioners are consulted to get a clear concept of the topic in respect to objectives mentioned above. Besides, different other publications were also consulted to make the paper informative and objective oriented. Keywords: Globalization, Human Resource Development, Management of Human Resources, HR Challenges, HR Policies ; Strategies. INTRODUCTION: Globalization is the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation and communication, and the braking down of artificial barriers to the flows of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and human resource across borders. Globalization as an effective instrument of international exchange of goods and services has to have a human face, based on ethical consideration rather than on cut throat competition. It should play a positive role in reducing economic and social disparities within and among, the nations. It should be also effective tool for improving sustainable development. In the era of globalization, with the increasing competition, locally or globally, organizations must become more adaptable, resilient, agile, and customer-focused to succeed. And within this change in environment, the HR professional has to evolve to become a strategic partner, an employee sponsor or advocate, and a change mentor within the organization. In order to succeed, HR must be a business driven function with a thorough understanding of the organization dig picture and be able to influence key decision and policies. In general, the focus of today’s HR mangers is on strategic personnel retention and talents development. In today’s aggressive global market it has become necessary for organization to expand internationally to gain competitive advantage. Globalization has forced organization and their human resources functions to redefine their strategies. It is necessary for the management to invest considerable time and amount, to learn the changing scenario of the Human Resource Department in the 21st century. In order to survive the competition and be in the race, HR Department should continuously update itself with the transformation in HR. Suitable HR Policies that would lead to the achievement of the organization as well as the individual’s goals should be formulated. HR Practitioners of every organization and also for those who have significant interest in the area of Human Resource Management should realize the growing importance of human resource and understand the need to build up effective HR strategies. Peoples are important assets. Placing this value on employees, requires the organization to emphasize on human resource practice, including reward for superior performance, measures of employee atisfaction, careful selection of employees, promotion from within, and investment in employee development. Just taking care of employees would not be enough; new HR initiatives should also focus on the quality needs, customer-orientation, productivity and stress, team work and leadership building. The researcher has thrown light on the emerging HR trends and discusses HR issues in various industries like Financial Services, IT, Power, Healthcare etc. It is valuable for practicing HR managers of every organization and also for those who have a significant interest in the area of Human Resource Management, to realize the growing importance of human resource and understand the need to build up effective HR strategies to combat HR issues arising in the 21st century. INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF HRM The human resources management approach which has been gaining the attention of management professionals during the last decade has become the need of the hour due to various reasons. Widespread industrial unrest, growing trade union influence on work force, strained worker management relationship, increasing gulf between management and their people, emergence of militancy in trade unionism, and the growing conflict in the industrial relations scene have resulted in the workers getting out of gear of the management in many organizations in India. This has made the managements to think in terms of carrying their workers with them. Convincing the workers of the management’s concern for them may, perhaps, go a long way in getting along with them and ensuring their better performance. This has naturally resulted in the present human resources movement. Humanization of work environment in countries like Japan, quality of work life movement in countries like United States, and the quality circles approach in India itself have initiated action to attain better organizational commitment among the work force. The human resources approach is in consistency with these movements. Changes in business environment have substantially affected the approach to manpower. Technological changes are prominent among them, computer revo1ution, introduction of microprocessor, CNC machines in manufacturing operations, mechanization and automation of office operations, quick communication systems like satellite communication and facsimile introduction or robots, electronic revolution, and such other new developments have revolutionized the vital areas of business. Operational efficiency or manpower must cope with such a revolutionary change in the technology which necessitated a new approach to manpower. Globalization of business is another important aspect of change which takes place in the business environment of today necessitating a human resources approach to manpower. It is not only those Indian firms operate and compete abroad, but they have to compete with multinationals and foreign firms in India itself. Business philosophy, skills, expertise, efficiency and particularly global corporate citizenship philosophy fostered by internationally successful firms necessitate Indian firms to deliberately update their perspective to suit the internationally emerging trends. In conformity with the human resources approach emerging globally, Indian managers must also foster a human resources philosophy to guide their management practices. A widespread feeling now influences at least some management practitioners that the technological development has gone to the extent of machines taking over the human jobs. For example: highly skilled milling, grinding and lathe machines are replaced by CNC machine tools which can take over, not only manual functions but even the intelligent human functions and Robots can lake up human functions in place of real human beings. Increasing influence of illusions tend to reduce the importance of human role. In fact no machine can replace man. The more the technological development, the greater would be the dependence on man. One simple error a computer makes can lead to havoc, where skill and intelligence of man are indispensable. Greater the technological development, greater skill and technical capability are required of people who operate. Obviously greater human approach to people would be required. Moreover installation, monitoring of machines, production, operation, maintenance and controlling the operations need large number of trained and skillful people. Technicians, repairers and service people are also necessary. The more the technical development and automation, the more would be the dependence on human beings. There would, therefore, be greater need for humane approach to manpower. Similarly use of more capital intensive methods would result in greater productivity of men necessitating greater motivating and greater human resources approach of management. Large scale production, increasing effects of recession, technical and technological developments and so on have opened up new training needs for the people at work. Human resources development programmes have therefore; become the need of the hour. Government policy of importing technology has also necessitated introducing new facilities and avenues for training and development. Fresh initiatives and emphasis on research and development in the realm of industry also led to a new policy of human resources development to cope with the increasing demand for technically capable people. Resultantly a need arose for a new approach to human resources.

DDoS Attack

A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is one in which a multitude of compromised systems attack a single target, thereby causing denial of service for users of the targeted system. The flood of incoming messages to the target system essentially forces it to shut down, thereby denying service to the system to legitimate users. In a typical DDoS attack, the assailant begins by exploiting a vulnerability in one computer system and making it the DDoS master. The attack master, also known as the botmaster, identifies and identifies and infects other vulnerable systems with alware.Eventually, the assailant Instructs the controlled machines to launch an attack against a specified target. There are two types of DDoS attacks: a network-centric attack which overloads a service by using up bandwidth and an application-layer attack which overloads a service or database with application calls. The Inundation of packets to the target causes a denial of service. While the media tends to foc us on the target of a DDoS attack as the vlctlm, In reality there are many vlctlms In a DDoS attack the final arget and as well the systems controlled by the intruder.Although the owners of co- opted computers are typically unaware that their computers have been compromised, they are nevertheless likely to suffer a degradation of service and not work well. A computer under the control of an intruder is known as a zombie or bot. A group of co-opted computers is known as a botnet or a zombie army. Both Kaspersky Labs and Symantec have identified botnets not spam, viruses, or worms as the biggest threat to Internet security

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The Writer Unplugged - Freewrite Store

The Writer Unplugged - Freewrite Store This is a guest post by Selena Chambers, who writes in Florida. Selena  is co-author of the Hugo and World-Fantasy nominated THE STEAMPUNK BIBLE (Abrams Image), and is currently writing a travel guide to STEAMPUNK PARIS (Pelekenisis Press) with Arthur Morgan out later this year. You can follow her at:   www.selenachambers.wordpress.com or steampunkparis.com. Distraction is the greatest form of resistance a writer faces on a daily basis. I’ve been struggling with it for years, and have come close to throwing my laptop in the trash and running as far away from the publishing game as possible. What kept me from giving up? Slowly realizing that other writers (especially those who seem like they have their act together in the public eye) and creatives struggle with the same issues. Evading distraction and finding focus is, of course, a personal journey and you have to find what works for you and your environment, but in speaking with my friends and gazing into my own navel, I have realized that distraction comes in two forms:   that which takes you closer to writing, and that which takes you away from it. The former is Life and all its abstracts:   birth, death, health, sickness, economy, employment, politics, friendship, family, solitude, love, sex, hate, education, and travel. True, not much writing is happening while undergoing these experiences, but they all inform it by putting you physically in the world to observe, absorb, and feel. It shapes your perspective, gives you an impulse and ultimately grants you something to say. The other kind of distraction, that which takes you away from your writing, are the activities designed for amusement and instant gratification and while relaxing, do very little to inform the work, even though we may trick ourselves in to thinking so. For some, it may be playing video games, binging on Girls, fingernails that need clipping, or in my case, going online.   By no means is this some kind of Jonathan Franzen rant. I love the internet. It is ubiquitous with all the things, and while that is a modern-day marvel, its pervasiveness can be a modern-day time sink. When I sit down to write, I have no problem ignoring my eyebrows and the cat bunnies blowing by like tumbleweeds under the A/C vents, because I can resist the urge to get up from my desk to go handle them. Not so the online â€Å"to-do† list, which is much harder to disregard because all the tools are right here at my fingertips. More often than not, on days when the writing is like digging into dry Georgia clay, I find myself mulling over this list. With a few clicks, I am out of Scrivener’s composition mode, and am in Safari riding the instant gratification wave of multitasking immediacy. I’ll send out queries, answer e-mails, answer social media direct messages, respond to tags and mentions, make a blog post, share the blog post, console in friends and families tribulations, cheer on peers and colleagues triumphs, read this timely article and discuss that timely article, read this stupid drama and discuss even more, scan recent calls for submissions, research a story idea, seek source texts, and when all of that is done, pay bills. I can kill a whole day checking things like this off and feel pretty good about myself. The next day, however, when I am back with that blank page, I would realize how much was left undone and how much more was now left to do. On on that next day, I try to unplug. To do this, I have to get completely away from the computer. Sure, you can deactivate your Facebook, turn off wi-fi, unplug the router, or install some sort of time management or focus software, all of which can be turned back on, plugged in, or disabled. If I really want to avoid distraction, I scrawl in longhand or peck on a typewriter. Even with these two methods, I inevitably come back to computer when I have to transcribe into Word, which sometimes feels redundant and archaic. Even so, at the end of the day I feel more accomplished and nearer to my true writing goals than all the networking, posting, and chasing I do online. Social media and the writer’s platform is one of the puzzle pieces to gaining and maintaining a successful writing career, but what has become even more bewildering is that unplugging and working with focus and without noise is even harder for the twenty-first century writer to navigate. The Writer Unplugged - Freewrite Store This is a guest post by Selena Chambers, who writes in Florida. Selena  is co-author of the Hugo and World-Fantasy nominated THE STEAMPUNK BIBLE (Abrams Image), and is currently writing a travel guide to STEAMPUNK PARIS (Pelekenisis Press) with Arthur Morgan out later this year. You can follow her at:   www.selenachambers.wordpress.com or steampunkparis.com. Distraction is the greatest form of resistance a writer faces on a daily basis. I’ve been struggling with it for years, and have come close to throwing my laptop in the trash and running as far away from the publishing game as possible. What kept me from giving up? Slowly realizing that other writers (especially those who seem like they have their act together in the public eye) and creatives struggle with the same issues. Evading distraction and finding focus is, of course, a personal journey and you have to find what works for you and your environment, but in speaking with my friends and gazing into my own navel, I have realized that distraction comes in two forms:   that which takes you closer to writing, and that which takes you away from it. The former is Life and all its abstracts:   birth, death, health, sickness, economy, employment, politics, friendship, family, solitude, love, sex, hate, education, and travel. True, not much writing is happening while undergoing these experiences, but they all inform it by putting you physically in the world to observe, absorb, and feel. It shapes your perspective, gives you an impulse and ultimately grants you something to say. The other kind of distraction, that which takes you away from your writing, are the activities designed for amusement and instant gratification and while relaxing, do very little to inform the work, even though we may trick ourselves in to thinking so. For some, it may be playing video games, binging on Girls, fingernails that need clipping, or in my case, going online.   By no means is this some kind of Jonathan Franzen rant. I love the internet. It is ubiquitous with all the things, and while that is a modern-day marvel, its pervasiveness can be a modern-day time sink. When I sit down to write, I have no problem ignoring my eyebrows and the cat bunnies blowing by like tumbleweeds under the A/C vents, because I can resist the urge to get up from my desk to go handle them. Not so the online â€Å"to-do† list, which is much harder to disregard because all the tools are right here at my fingertips. More often than not, on days when the writing is like digging into dry Georgia clay, I find myself mulling over this list. With a few clicks, I am out of Scrivener’s composition mode, and am in Safari riding the instant gratification wave of multitasking immediacy. I’ll send out queries, answer e-mails, answer social media direct messages, respond to tags and mentions, make a blog post, share the blog post, console in friends and families tribulations, cheer on peers and colleagues triumphs, read this timely article and discuss that timely article, read this stupid drama and discuss even more, scan recent calls for submissions, research a story idea, seek source texts, and when all of that is done, pay bills. I can kill a whole day checking things like this off and feel pretty good about myself. The next day, however, when I am back with that blank page, I would realize how much was left undone and how much more was now left to do. On on that next day, I try to unplug. To do this, I have to get completely away from the computer. Sure, you can deactivate your Facebook, turn off wi-fi, unplug the router, or install some sort of time management or focus software, all of which can be turned back on, plugged in, or disabled. If I really want to avoid distraction, I scrawl in longhand or peck on a typewriter. Even with these two methods, I inevitably come back to computer when I have to transcribe into Word, which sometimes feels redundant and archaic. Even so, at the end of the day I feel more accomplished and nearer to my true writing goals than all the networking, posting, and chasing I do online. Social media and the writer’s platform is one of the puzzle pieces to gaining and maintaining a successful writing career, but what has become even more bewildering is that unplugging and working with focus and without noise is even harder for the twenty-first century writer to navigate.

Eisenhower's Farewell Address Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Eisenhower's Farewell Address - Essay Example However, the subsequent events, including the Vietnam war, the Cold War, and the Gulf wars, have created dilemma in the minds of intellectual citizens who want to live with peace, liberty, and security. It seems that some nations consider the mighty armaments industry of the USA as a threat, which also jeopardizes global security, liberty, and peaceful harmony. The cold war still persists between Russia and the USA, and the two countries consider each other as enemies even though many agreements have been signed in the past (Pesov, 2010). The message of Eisenhower reiterated expansion of military to support the peaceful goals, but it seems that the USA has invited more jealousy and animosity. North Korea, Iran, Lebanon, and several Muslim countries are increasing their military strength to match the mightiness of the American military establishment. Isn’t the peaceful goal lost somewhere? Haven’t the desires of American leaders to manufacture sophisticated arms and to s ell them at profit to other countries subdued the peaceful goals of American citizens? The recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have claimed the lives of millions of innocent civilians in addition to killing soldiers.

Animal Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Animal Behavior - Essay Example In what ways were chimpanzees superior to humans Goodall observed (p. 232) that unlike humans, a chimpanzee is not inhibited by any fear of making a fool of him/herself. What this means is that chimpanzees may not exhibit in their adulthood the effects of any traumatic experiences in their childhood. They instinctively learn from their experience and move on is what she seemed to imply, although such a conclusion may be doubtful scientifically because it was not possible at the time of her observation to have any properly documented childhood histories of the adult chimpanzees she observed. And, of course, what we may consider foolish behavior may be for a chimpanzee just an ordinary show of animal happiness. At the least, we can admit that chimpanzees are superior in a way because they do not go around rampaging in the forest just because they were bullied by others of their kind, as Goodall observed. Goodall also made some observations where humans were "better" than chimpanzees, and this is in caring for their young (p. 185). Unlike humans where the male of the species get involved (emotionally and physically) from pregnancy to adulthood, male chimpanzees do not do so, leaving the task and troubles of pregnancy, birth, and child-rearing to the female. This form of behavior Goodall marks as one of the main differences between human and chimpanzee societies. This leads us to ask whether this difference has something to do with the malaise in human society today, and whether leaving child-rearing to human mothers would be better. There were other instances when Goodall found chimpanzees in a league of their own and incomparable to humans, such as in the way they trust the others, especially humans, or in the tolerant and kind behavior they show towards their young (p. 74; p. 178). They do not turn traitor, friendly one moment and then aggressive the next, or harm others for no reason. This did not mean that chimpanzees do not express aggressive behavior when threatened, but once they accept someone as their own, everyone is expected to follow the established social order or get out of the group (perhaps, start a new one). In a sense, these chimpanzees were exhibiting animal behavior but devoid of the evil and bad intentions that abound among humans. Personally, Goodall's account shows the many similarities and differences between humans and chimpanzees, and leads me to question the advantages and disadvantages of rational behavior, or whether chimpanzees can teach us lessons that would help us make this world a better place. Looking at the world as it is now, I disagree with Goodall's observation (p. 34) that we accept the chimpanzee as Man, because I think it would be an insult to the chimpanzee. Perhaps later, when we humans learn to use our "superior" mental and spiritual capacities to do what is good and to avoid evil, it would be an honor for us to be accepted by the chimpanzees as their biological and genomic kin. The Truth about Dogs Budiansky (2001) presented a genomic dimension of man's best friend, a "gene's eye" view to show how dogs evolved from their

Director Management and Director Duties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Director Management and Director Duties - Essay Example The Act also ensures that all the directors are well equipped with the accurate information about all the decisions made and are aware of every step that they decide to take up. Also, the act helps in protecting the directors from the pressures of the shareholders and helps the directors concentrate on the long-term goals. A detailed explanation of the various duties has been included and further research recommendations have been suggested as well. The Companies Act has been in use for over a hundred and fifty years. This has been designed to provide companies with a framework within which companies with limited liability are required to work within. The Companies Act was replaced on 8th November 2006, which was updated, modernized and rewritten version of the company law. The changes in the act, however, are to be implemented in the number of different phases and this would end by October 2009. However, before moving onto the duties of directors of listed companies, it is essential to understand what listed companies are. Listed companies are companies whose shares are quoted on the stock exchange for public trading. Thus duties of directors in these companies are very important and it is essential that these are well understood and followed as well. A number of concerns have been raised in the past concerning the director’s and their duties (Financial reporting council, 2009). It is important to note here that there w ere a number of concerns about the directors having to face increased administrative work due to changes in the law, however the Ministerial Statements have clearly explained this as, â€Å"The words ‘have regard to’ mean ‘think about’; they are absolutely not about just ticking boxes. If thinking about’ leads to the conclusion, as we believe it will in many cases, that the proper course is to act positively  to achieve the objectives in the clause, that will be what the director’s duty is. In other words ‘have regard to’ means ‘give proper consideration to’† (Chivers, 2007).

Jury Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jury - Research Paper Example Justification of the reforms to a state legislature There have been various reforms initiated with the objective of promoting racial diversity in the composition of juries, so that effective decisions and proper, unbiased judgments can be made in the courtroom. However, the construction of the jurisdiction is also not without the criticism of racial diversity. In the American society, the minority class people are often allegedly ascertained to be treated in a bias manner, which further restrict justice on the basis of their rights and privileges as a US citizen. In this respect, the alleged discrimination amid minority and majority people has raised various ethical issues which include assaults and movements against the State (Minow, 1992). There are instances where the representatives of the juries have been witnessed to evolve their judgment with elusive goals. This raises significant concern with regard to the rationality of the judgment offered in the courtroom, where jurors bel onging to the same race as that of the defendant have been alleged to act with sympathy; while on the other hand, jurors belonging to other races tend to implement harsh treatments for punishing the convicts. Hence, it can be argued that the failures of appropriate jurisdiction processes are caused mainly due to lack of diversity in the configuration of jurors. Thus, maintaining a higher degree of racial diversity amid juries is most likely to contribute towards making effective and racially unbiased judgment in the courtroom. Subsequently, with the involvement of minorities and women as jurors, the judgment process may also obtain an enhanced efficiency in dealing with equality of rights and mitigating biasness to a substantial extent (SAGE Publications, 2013). An opponent’s response to the reform There is need for racial diversity in the jury system so that effective decisions can be made with equality and in an unbiased manner. However, from an opponent’s point of v iew, with majorities and minorities, as representatives of the jury, the defendants must not to be offered with the opportunity of selecting as well as composing juries in accordance with their races and communal backgrounds. As in the case of Swain v. Alabama - 380 U.S. 202 (1965) (Justia, 1965) and Batson v. Kentucky (No. 84-6263) (LII, 1985), the judiciary composed in the trials of these cases included majority of jurors belonging from the petitioners respective racial backgrounds and communities, which led to biasness in the process decision making. The defendants, with this facility of composing juries on the basis of their choices, will certainly lead to inappropriate legal decisions and procedures. In this concern, the provisions stipulated by the Supreme Court of the US should firmly prohibit defendants from allocating rights of selecting jury members for the execution of judgment with equality and appropriateness. Furthermore, it stresses that the juries should be selected on the basis of merit system amid majority and minority group of individuals, so that the decisions or judgment are

Reflective research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reflective research - Essay Example Various models of reflection had been postulated for the benefit of nursing. Nurses attained professionalism by the concept of reflections. They analyzed past occurrences and experiences and learnt from them. Reflection may be defined as â€Å"the ability to reflect into past experiences for the purpose of continuous learning† (Schon, 1983). The reflective processes assisted systematic problem-solving in a stepwise manner. Reflective nursing was a learning on-the-job where nurses were able to learn from past incidences apart from the theoretical knowledge. Experience was insufficient to provide a learning process. The experience had to be combined with reflection to bring out subtle details to enhance the learning process (Boud et al in Horn and Freed, 2008). Journaling had been advocated for closing the gap between theory and practice (Horn and Freed, 2008) Writing down notes after a particular experience or daily reflections helped a nurse develop the critical thinking proce ss. Nursing students could consider the experience with each client as unique and record the experience in the journal. Metacognition had been recognized as another method to modify the learning experience (Horn and Freed, 2008). ... Gibbs’ model of reflection (1988), John’s model of reflection (1994) and Kolb’s learning cycle (1984) were different learning models for nursing. The following is Gibbs cycle. Figure 1 Gibbs Model of Reflection Description What happened? Action Plan Feelings If it arose again, What were you what would you do? thinking and feeling? Conclusion Evaluation What else could you What was good and have done? and bad about the experience? Analysis What sense can you make of the situation Gibbs’ model helped nurses learn from reflections. The description of what had happened provided the details of the day’s incident. The emotions that accompanied the incident expanded the circumstances under which it occurred and how one responded. Positive or negative emotions could have accompanied the incident. The evaluation of the incident contained the reason for it happening. This could further be analysed to infer how that event should have turned out had you been an experienced nurse and acted in another manner Analysis enabled one to argue how the outcome could have been improved and made different. This led to the conclusion. Using this conclusion the nurse could plan the action for the next time such an incident was repeated. With that she could make an imprint in her mind which she could use later. When the new incident happened, it would similarly help her through the steps of the Gibb’s cycle and produce more learning. A novice nurse who used this cycle for her learning process could reach competency very early in her life as a nurse. The incident which stimulated the research The memory of Mrs. Lopez, a 69 year old grandmother, recovering in the rehabilitation ward and who had a fall still upsets me. It was a terrible and avoidable

GBST Reading Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GBST Reading Summary - Assignment Example In Amoral Familism, corruption is an aspect involving particularism, wherein providing resources, one believes it is only to those that the person feels obligated to (Harrison and Huntington, 2013), with nepotism as its most expressed form. Majorities of market forms are established on universalism and not particularism; hence, corruption does not sustain such market values. Similarly, corruption is equally attributed to religion and culture, based on the perspective that certain cultural and religious settings influence the occurrences of corruption. For example, from social science consensus, it is evident that religion is a significant determinant of varied secular cultures such as protestant-dominated environments having an increase in corruption compared to those with least domination of Protestants (Umphlett, 1985). Such a point of view is because protectants in contrast to other Christianity denominations believe that the ability to avoid sin is a personal issue, and each has the ability of so doing. The link between Protestants and corruption goes a long way to affect the economic developments of such areas. Considerably, the relationship between Protestantism and perceptions of corruption indicate that such a relationship enhances in the control of per capita income. Such an indication shows that higher corruption-prone areas influences higher economic development of the individuals participating in the corrupt dealings (Harrison and Huntington, 2013), according to the article â€Å"Religion, Culture (Kent, 2008), and Corruption.† In the contrary to â€Å"Amoral Familism,† ties that are most important and significant are those between families, as in a mother and her child. It is considered that such close ties, are the ones most responsible for influencing corruption through elements such as nepotism, and not ties of the

Jury Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jury - Research Paper Example Justification of the reforms to a state legislature There have been various reforms initiated with the objective of promoting racial diversity in the composition of juries, so that effective decisions and proper, unbiased judgments can be made in the courtroom. However, the construction of the jurisdiction is also not without the criticism of racial diversity. In the American society, the minority class people are often allegedly ascertained to be treated in a bias manner, which further restrict justice on the basis of their rights and privileges as a US citizen. In this respect, the alleged discrimination amid minority and majority people has raised various ethical issues which include assaults and movements against the State (Minow, 1992). There are instances where the representatives of the juries have been witnessed to evolve their judgment with elusive goals. This raises significant concern with regard to the rationality of the judgment offered in the courtroom, where jurors bel onging to the same race as that of the defendant have been alleged to act with sympathy; while on the other hand, jurors belonging to other races tend to implement harsh treatments for punishing the convicts. Hence, it can be argued that the failures of appropriate jurisdiction processes are caused mainly due to lack of diversity in the configuration of jurors. Thus, maintaining a higher degree of racial diversity amid juries is most likely to contribute towards making effective and racially unbiased judgment in the courtroom. Subsequently, with the involvement of minorities and women as jurors, the judgment process may also obtain an enhanced efficiency in dealing with equality of rights and mitigating biasness to a substantial extent (SAGE Publications, 2013). An opponent’s response to the reform There is need for racial diversity in the jury system so that effective decisions can be made with equality and in an unbiased manner. However, from an opponent’s point of v iew, with majorities and minorities, as representatives of the jury, the defendants must not to be offered with the opportunity of selecting as well as composing juries in accordance with their races and communal backgrounds. As in the case of Swain v. Alabama - 380 U.S. 202 (1965) (Justia, 1965) and Batson v. Kentucky (No. 84-6263) (LII, 1985), the judiciary composed in the trials of these cases included majority of jurors belonging from the petitioners respective racial backgrounds and communities, which led to biasness in the process decision making. The defendants, with this facility of composing juries on the basis of their choices, will certainly lead to inappropriate legal decisions and procedures. In this concern, the provisions stipulated by the Supreme Court of the US should firmly prohibit defendants from allocating rights of selecting jury members for the execution of judgment with equality and appropriateness. Furthermore, it stresses that the juries should be selected on the basis of merit system amid majority and minority group of individuals, so that the decisions or judgment are

GBST Reading Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GBST Reading Summary - Assignment Example In Amoral Familism, corruption is an aspect involving particularism, wherein providing resources, one believes it is only to those that the person feels obligated to (Harrison and Huntington, 2013), with nepotism as its most expressed form. Majorities of market forms are established on universalism and not particularism; hence, corruption does not sustain such market values. Similarly, corruption is equally attributed to religion and culture, based on the perspective that certain cultural and religious settings influence the occurrences of corruption. For example, from social science consensus, it is evident that religion is a significant determinant of varied secular cultures such as protestant-dominated environments having an increase in corruption compared to those with least domination of Protestants (Umphlett, 1985). Such a point of view is because protectants in contrast to other Christianity denominations believe that the ability to avoid sin is a personal issue, and each has the ability of so doing. The link between Protestants and corruption goes a long way to affect the economic developments of such areas. Considerably, the relationship between Protestantism and perceptions of corruption indicate that such a relationship enhances in the control of per capita income. Such an indication shows that higher corruption-prone areas influences higher economic development of the individuals participating in the corrupt dealings (Harrison and Huntington, 2013), according to the article â€Å"Religion, Culture (Kent, 2008), and Corruption.† In the contrary to â€Å"Amoral Familism,† ties that are most important and significant are those between families, as in a mother and her child. It is considered that such close ties, are the ones most responsible for influencing corruption through elements such as nepotism, and not ties of the

Online education vs traditional education Essay Example for Free

Online education vs traditional education Essay For hundreds of years we have been teaching traditionally to children with varying results, in the last two decades with the growing technology a new form of education has formed, online education. With high school being a pivotal time in teenagers life parents and educators have questioned is online education better for students over traditional methods. In the search to figure out which is better people have gathered evidence involving studies, polls, and research on the effect online education has on students. My first source used is written by Dan Lips, an article called â€Å"How Online Learning Is Revolutionizing K-12 Education and Benefiting Students† for the Heritage Foundation. The author’s tone is formal and persuasive. In the article he uses evidence such as facts, studies, and polls to persuade the readers to see the greatness of virtual education. Dan Lips uses high profile people who wrote books on virtual learning to increase credibility to his claim. The second source, â€Å"Students frustrations with a Web-based distance education course† by Noriko Hara and Rob Kling published in the online journal First Monday. This is an article based on the study the authors did on how students felt enrolled in an online class in college. While this is an article based on the feelings of college students this applies to the high school online education as they base high school online education on college online education so they are going to run into the same problems. The authors of this article were neutral to the study and were just reporting what was wrong with distance learning so as not to bias the results, and to get how the teacher and students feel about online learning. The authors use this article to caution students, teachers, and schools on some of the things wrong with online education and to not ignore the bad sides of online education because of mostly praise towards it. My last source is â€Å"Online High Schools Test Students Social Skills† by Paul Glader investigates the impact of online education on teens socially. Glader found that students enrolled in online high school often drop out due to the fact of them feeling lonely. The online high schools are trying to find ways to make teens spend time together in the virtual classrooms. High school is a pivotal time in everyone’s life that can shape your future.

Glass Squash Court Analysis Engineering Essay

Glass Squash Court Analysis Engineering Essay The intention of this proposal was to testing the trinquete for Prospec LTD. The trinquete is a special court for indoor ball games and games played in trinquete are very similar to squash. This testing assess whether the product is structurally suitable for use in ball game courts. Their critical failure modes were to be established in order to assess and improve upon the design. World squash federation recommends using of safety glass in situations where a risk of human impact can result. Around 30 years ago, in Sheffield the glass company by name Ellis Pearson produced the first glass back wall for a squash court. But in the 80s along came chemical giant ICI and produced a Perspex (plastic) court and suddenly glass was too heavy and uneconomical. So Ellis Pearson (now going under the name of Prospec) forgot their roots and started using Perspex. (Ref: GLOBAL GALLERY June 2003, Martin Bronsteins astigmatic view of the world of squash) Prospec Ltd offers a complete range of squash court packages including wet plaster and dry panelled surfaces, flooring and the Ellis Pearson Glasswall system. Prospec is considered to be the market leader in the UK for the supply and installation of World Squash Federation (WSF) approved squash courts and Glasswalls. Prospec have installed more than 30,000 Ellis Pearson Glasswalls round the world for Squash, Racquetball and Pelota. Prospec LTD manufactures toughened glass squash courts that meet the stringent specifications of the World Squash Federation. This glass carries WSF certification for both two and four panel backwall systems. Prospec Toughened Safety Glass meets the performance requirements of all national building regulations, based on test requirements of local authorities as well as the WSF. Installation of these glass walls is carried out by operatives trained by Prospec Court Systems Ltd., either direct or through Contractors who specialise in fitting out squash courts. Installation will be done according to the world squash federation technical standards. Introduction For centuries people have played games that involve hitting balls with racquets against wall or back and forth to each other across a net. The most common example is tennis. In 19th century the prisoners were exercised by making them hit small and hard ball around the walls of a large room in the Fleet prison in London, England. A trinquete is a special court for various indoor versions of Pelota (Spanish for ball). It has the same characteristic feature of a squash court. The Pelota is a traditional sport played in more than 52 countries. Pelota is a name for a variety of court sports played with a ball using ones hand, a racquets, a wooden bat or a basket against a wall. These game is played by two or four players, with two team face to face separated by a line on a ground or a net. Today,  Pelota  is widely played in several countries: in the  Basque Country  and their neighbours; in  Valencia  where it is considered the national sport; and in rural areas of Ireland, Belgium, North of Italy, Mexico, Argentina and other American countries. The reason for the dramatic growth of these type games is because these sports combine fitness, fun and competition. This is an international sport played between two or four players in a four walled court with a small hollow rubber ball by hitting rubber ball against walls. The players strike the ball alternately on to the front wall, which is 4.75 meters high. Players can hit the ball directly to the front wall or use the sidewalls and rear wall to create subtle winning shots. Playing squash type games develops speed, endurance, agility, coordination and court savvy. The average length of the game is less than 45 minutes. The popularity of the game is due in large part to the competitive workout it generates in a small span of time. These games are simple to learn and its difficult to master. The challenge is to achieve goal against more skilled opponent and youll play as you improve. This game is mentally and physically draining and at the end of the day you will be satisfied and exhilarated and possibly a little tired. A trinquete is a special court for various indoor versions of Pelota. Trinquete measures 28.5m long and it has different shape than the other courts, with an inclined roof along the left wall. Left wall of the trinquete is constructed by toughened glass. Trinquete is constructed by many materials providing suitable rebound and safe to play; however, the World Squash Federation publishes court specification which recommends standards. Types of wall systems: (Ref: http://www.andersoncourts.com/wall.htm) 1) Armourcoat hard plaster: is 100% gypsum based plaster system formulated with high impact resistance. This is been installed in over 40 countries and accreditation with world squash federation. This system contains no cement based product, hence eliminating shrinkage and stress cracking. The total system thickness is 12.7mm consisting of 2 layer of base coat plaster and 3 layers of finish coat plaster which is applied on wet for permanent bond and smooth finish. Armourcoat requires no painted finish, finished coat available in blue, green, white and yellow colour. Armourcoat walls can be cleaned using household, non-abrasive cleaners with scouring pads and rinse with clean water. 2) Doweloc edge grain: is superior in quality and durability, longevity proven is 60+ years court and still in play. Doweloc is a Northern hard maple; edge grain system consists of tongue and groove wood strips held securely by the aluminium dowel. Each 12inch section is composed of 14 edge grain pieces. Walls are then painted to secure wood based on the usage of the court. 3) High density fiberesin panel: is the pre finished playing surface and engineered specifically for racquetball, handball and squash courts. It is a solid and rock hard sheet material used to meet a rigid specification and requirements demanded for the fast action sports court. It is composed of high density particle board cores and multiple layers of thermalset resin impregnated sheets that are moulded in hydraulic presses under controlled heat and pressure into sheets of varying thickness and density. Fiberesin requires no refinishing and only occasional washing. Glass walls: is a substitute for the walls which been mentioned above, since 1980s guaranteeing to meet world squash federations high technical standards. Glass walls are transparent, so it makes game visible for spectators. Walls must not only be transparent, it has to be tough enough to rebound the hard ball without breaking. Since normal glass is not hard to withstand the pressure of the ball toughened glass is used. Toughened or tampered glass is very much strong and satisfies all the standards of world squash federation, like strength, transparency and safety etc. The 12mm toughened glass panels are designed to provide a flush finish and easy panel adjustment and alignment. The panels are joined by special patch fittings and 15mm thick glass fins. Joints between the glass panels are filled with a clear silicone sealant, to complete the continuity of the glass and ensure a true playing surface that is tough enough to withstand pressure from either ball or player. This joint configuration distributes and reduces stresses, minimizes deflection, vibration or damage, and provides true ball rebound. Toughened glass Toughened glass  is much stronger than normal glass, having been processed by controlled  thermal  or chemical treatments to increase its strength. Toughened glass is impact resistant, and it is made from annealed glass which is heated and then rapidly cooled. Thermally toughened safety glass offers first order mechanical characteristic. This is the only glass exhibits well establishment and reliable mechanical capacity under static and dynamic load with resistance to impact properties conforming to regulations and European standards. The glass usually shatters into small fragments instead of sharp shards when broken, making it less likely to cause severe injury and deep lacerations. Toughened glass is used in a variety of applications as a result of its safety and strength. (ref: Toughened Glass: Mechanical Properties and EN 12600 Behaviour Michel Dubru, Glaverbel S.A. Jean-Clement Nugue, Saint-Gobain Guy Van Marcke de Lummen, Glaverbel S.A) The manufacture of toughened glass Flat glass is toughened in an oven, the glass is transported on rollers and in rolled back and forth inside oven and heated in a temperature between 600 and 700 °c until glass become soft. A softened glass is rolled out of the oven into air shower where both the side of the glass is cooled rapidly. The inside of the glass is hot and soft while the outer surface of the glass cool, solidify and contract due to thermal contraction. After this the inside glass cool, solidify and contracts. The outer surface is already cold when the inner region begins to solidify, so contraction in the inner region squeezes the outer surfaces. Hence the region near the outer surface experiences high compressive force and which is balance by the tensile force generated at the inner surface. The toughening process produces a safety glass which is very strong. The rapid cooling places the internal stresses on the glass which allow it to be strong and break into regular cubes. Due to the internal stresses the toughened glass cannot be broken into the required dimension, therefore all shapes will be done before the toughening process. Toughened glass surface is more resistant to impact. The same object thrown would create a hole in a pane of annealed glass would likely bounce back when compared to toughened glass. Because of this impact resistant and bouncing nature, toughened glass is used in trinquete and squash courts. (ref: www.picams.com.au//Toughened%20glass%20-%20with%20an%20achilles%20heel.pdf) DATA TABLE: Mechanical Properties Quantity Value Unit Youngs modulus 50000 100000 MPa Bending strength 200 200 MPa Physical Properties Quantity Value Unit Thermal expansion 9 9 e-6/K Thermal conductivity 0.9 0.93 W/m.K Specific heat 840 850 J/kg.K Melting temperature 1100 1100  °C Service temperature 0 700  °C Density 2500 2800 kg/m3 Resistivity 1e+18 1e+18 Ohm.mm2/m Environmental Data Quantity Value Unit Ex (in) / Ex (out) 38.1609195402299 MJ/MJ Remark: Has to be made to measure before hardening. Available in 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12mm thickness (Ref: http://www.matbase.com/material/glass/toughened-glass/thermal/propertie) RECOMMENDED STANDARDS OF CONSTRUCTION (Ref: http://www.worldsquash.org/uploads/Court%20Specs%20-%20With%20Diagrams.pdf) International Squash court has been constructed from glass or transparent materials, to make game visible for the spectators. Spectator areas may be located behind the plane of any wall of the court. The play is televised, filmed, photographed or recorded from above the court or through any of the walls. No camera or any equipment is projected into the court or below the clear height of the court. Camera panels may be incorporated in any part of the court playing walls provided that any such panel shall. Court dimensions and tolerances: is the important standard which has to be taken into account. The length of the court is 28500mm and with tolerance of plus or minus 10mm. The Court Walls should be vertical to within plus or minus 5mm in a height of 2 metres when measured within 250 mm of each corner of the court and at three additional intermediate points evenly spaced along the length of each wall. The court walls shall be straight to within plus or minus 15 mm in the length of any wall when measured horizontally at a height of 1 metre above finished floor level. The floor shall be level to within plus or minus 10 mm in the length, width and on the diagonals of the court. The walls of the court and all the components should be capable of withstanding all the stresses due to impact of the ball, racquet and the player, and glass must get permanent or temporary damage. Mass of the player should be considered, glass might be damaged when the player falls on the wall. The mass of the player is equivalent to 100kg and co-efficient of absorption is 47 %( i.e. 47% of the impact energy is observed by the body and remaining 57% energy will be transmitted on the wall). Where courts have transparent walls they shall be constructed of safety materials tested in accordance with the appropriate national standard and shall meet the stated requirements for safe breakage. The walls of the court must not deflect for the impact of the ball in such a manner that rebound of the ball is affected. The walls may deflect under the impact of players; however, it should not deflect to such an extent or in such a manner so as to affect the safety of the players. The wall which deflects shall return back to its original static position within one second of the impact, as a result of deflections the wall must not suffer from any permanent and temporary damages. All walls of the court shall have a hard and smooth finish. Any front or side walls, or any transparent panel in the playing surface of the front or side walls, shall be treated and/or lit in such a manner as to make it non-reflecting when viewed from inside the court. The average reflectance of the front and side walls shall not be less than 50% at any point when in a clean condition. The reflectance of the front and side walls shall not vary at any point by more than plus or minus 5% of the average reflectance. The ball shall rebound truly on striking all parts of the playing walls. The ball rebound shall be consistent over the whole area of each wall. All wall surfaces including transparent materials shall have surface friction such that the pace and wall angle characteristics are equivalent to that encountered in a plaster court. Any open joint in the finish of a wall of panel construction shall not deflect the rebound of the ball in any way. There shall be no protrusions of any kind into the court at the junction of one wall with another. The bounce of the ball shall be of even height and pace over the whole area of the floor. When viewed from vertically above the line of flight of the ball, the linear path of the ball shall not be affected when it bounces on the floor. SPECIFICATIONS www.worldsquash.org//Court%20Specs%20-%20With%20Diagrams.pdf GLASS All walls and fins are 12mm clear tempered or toughened glass with finished edges. All holes on the playing side are countersunk and dimensioned to receive special flush mounted fittings and hardware. A clear silicone compound is used to bond all joints. No glass-to-glass or glass-to-metal contact is permitted. FITTINGS All glass-to-glass connections are manufactured in hi-tensile GSM Nylatron. Nylatron GSM is a cast and partially cross-linked. Nylatron GSM is manufactured by modifying Nylon 6 material by a carefully controlled level of finely divided particles of molybdenum disulphide additive. The  molybdenum disulphide enhances its bearing and wear behaviour without impairing the impact and fatigue resistance inherent to unmodified cast nylon grades. All parts are moulded for maximum strength. These parts will have tensile strength of 773 to 984 kg/cm ² with Hardness durometer of 2.3 and Shear strength of 541 to 668 kg/cm ². Base angle brackets which is been used to fix wall to the floor and are available in either steel or anodized aluminium. Size of the brackets will be 12 x 3 x 2 1/2 x 1/4. Two anchor bolts of 11mm dia. x 89mm are used for each angle bracket. Aluminium channels of size 25 x 25 x 3mm and Aluminium angles of size 50 x 50 x 6mm are used to hold panels and attached to fins. MANUFACTURERS OF GLASS WALLS (Ref: England squash and racketball, technical information sheet number 1, march 2010) Complete glass wall systems, court doors, view windows and moveable glass walls as supplied by many glass manufacturing companies. The glass wall is supported by glass fins, aluminium L angle, aluminium posts, or aluminium tube frame. World Squash Federation (WSF) is the governing body for the game of Squash and racquetball throughout the world and is therefore responsible for setting standards for courts and equipment. In order to continue the process of ensuring that courts are built to appropriate standards, it has introduced a scheme whereby materials and components may be tested against the standards set by the Federation. The WSF assess the manufacturer based on the following criteria: Court must be easy to install Suitable performance characteristics Reliability Ease of maintenance Efficiency of back u service Court contractors The companies listed below will liaise with the architect builder regarding the background surface requirement prior to fitting out. COMPANY ADDRESS SYSTEM/TRADE NAME SQUASH LEISURE SERVICES Tel:(01895) 450800 Fax: (01895) 450801 email:[emailprotected] Web: www.squashandleisure.co.uk 5 Sarum Complex Salisbury Road Uxbridge UB8 2RZ Contractor PROSPEC LTD Tel: (01709) 377 147 Fax: (01709) 375 239 email: [emailprotected] P O Box 48 Canklow Meadow Estate West Bawtry Road Rotherham S60 2XP Contractor COURTCRAFT LTD Tel: (01942) 881500 Fax: (01942) 881501 email: [emailprotected] www.courtcraft.co.uk Logic House 31 Gibfieid Park Ave Gibfield Business Park Atherton Manchester M46 0SY Contractor Prefabricated court systems COMPANY ADDRESS SYSTEM/TRADE NAME ASB CONSTRUCTION LTD Tel: (01548) 580669 email: [emailprotected] www.asbsquash.com Huccombe House Huccombe Kingsbridge Devon TQ7 2EP Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsupporting sand filled system plus a wall lining system. A sliding wall system is also available. Rainbow coloured court system. PROSPEC COURT SYSTEMS LTD. Tel: (01709) 377147 Fax: (01709) 375239 email: [emailprotected] P O Box 48 Cranklow Meadow Estate West Bawtree Road Rotherham S60 2XP Respatex Squash Court Panel System (prefabricated) Wall plasters COMPANY ADDRESS SYSTEM/TRADE NAME ARMOURCOAT LTD Tel: (01732) 460668 Fax: (01732) 450930 email: [emailprotected] Morewood Close London Road Sevenoaks Kent TN13 2HU Armourcoat Hard Court Plaster (white). REBOUND INTERNATIONAL LTD Tel: (0161) 929 7758 Fax: (0161) 929 7786 Mob: 07818 046464 email: [emailprotected] Copley Square Charter House Woodlands Road Altrincham WA14 1HF Rebound Plaster (white) Flooring contractors COMPANY ADDRESS SYSTEM/TRADE NAME V A HUTCHISON FLOORING LTD Tel: (01243) 841175/841127 Fax: (01243) 841173 email: [emailprotected] Units 1,2 3 Building NA Beeding Close Southern Cross Trading Estate Bognor Regis West Sussex PO22 9TS Flooring Contractors Maple Beech New Levelling System Cross Batten System Glass walls COMPANY ADDRESS SYSTEM/TRADE NAME PROSPEC COURT SYSTEMS LTD Tel: (01709) 377147 Fax: (01709) 375239 email: [emailprotected] PO Box 48 Canklow Meadows Estate, West Bawtry Road, Rotherham S60 2XP Ellis Pearson Glasswall System SQUASH LEISURE SERVICES LTD Tel: (01895) 450800 Fax: (01895) 450801 email: [emailprotected] 5 Sarum Complex Salisbury Road Uxbridge UB8 2RZ SLS Glasswall System FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is the most important tool for the mechanical design engineer. The desire for more accurate design in complex situations is the reason for the development of FEA, and allowing improvement in both design procedures and products. The growing demand of FEA has made possible for the creation of computation engines which are capable of handling the huge volume of calculations and carryout analysis and display results. FEA is now available at a practical cost to virtually all engineers and designers. Pro/Mechanica offers much more than simply an FEA engine. Pro/Mechanica is one of the modules of pro-engineer, which is widely used to understand structural and thermal product performance. Moreover, unlike many other commercial FEM programs where determining accuracy can be difficult or time consuming, Pro/M will be able to compute results with some certainty as to the accuracy. This saves cost, time and physical prototyping. By studying the product behaviour in early stage, we can improve quality and time, cost and efforts. In todays competitive market the design team is forced to get the product right at first time. When the team has to rely on prototype models to test product behaviour, schedule and budget has to be compromised. Standalone CAE offers a solution but its usually disconnected with CAD solutions, hence engineers have to spend lot of time in preparing prototype models for analysis. Then each time there could be design change and have to repeat the process. Special ski ll sets are required for CAE users. Pro/ Mechanica is the faster and smart way to analysis the product and easy to use the solution. In Pro/Mechanica we can identify where the higher stress area is and any changes in model design can be done to avoid the concentration of the stress and failure of the product. One best part in Pro/Mechanica is once we identify the problem, we are allowed to change the design and regenerate and analyse again. This saves lot of time and efforts to reproduce the design. Pro/Mechanica has an ability to evaluate the product performance virtually; onscreen and this gives an engineer to explore new ideas and then optimize their design. This gives a confidence to an engineer and fewer changes may require during prototyping, hence delivering superior quality to the market. Steps in preparing FEA model for solutions There are several steps to be followed in the analysis, starting from the simplified geometric model. 1. Identify the model type 2. Specify the material properties, model constraints, and applied loads 3. Discretize the geometry to produce a finite element mesh 4. Solve the system of linear equations 5. Compute items of interest from the solution variables 6. Display and critically review results and, if necessary, repeat the analysis Create geometry with PRO/E Model type Simulation parameters: Material property Constraints Loads Discretize model to form finite element mesh Setup and solve linear system Compute results Review The overall procedure is illustrated in the above figure. The steps must be executed in order, and each must be done correctly before proceeding to the next step. The steps shown in the figure are: 1. The geometric model of the part is created using Pro/ENGINEER. 2. The model type must be identified before entering Pro/Mechanica. The default is a solid model. 3. This is an important step where we need to define parameters. Specify material properties for the model. All the elements will not have the same properties. The different parts can be made of different materials in an assembly. Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio must be known for stress analysis. Pro/Mechanica consists of set of materials in the library, which can be directly used to assign material. Identify the constraints on the solution. In stress analysis, there could be fixed points, points of specified displacement, or points free to move in specified directions only. Specify the applied loads on the model, like loads on surface, edges etc 4. Once all the above steps are completed, we can set up and run a processor that actually performs the solution to the posed FEA problem. This starts with the automatic creation of the finite element mesh from the geometric model by a subprogram within Pro/M called AutoGEM. Pro/M will trap some modelling errors here. The processor will produce a summary file of output messages which can be consulted if something goes wrong for example, a model that is not sufficiently constrained by boundary conditions. 5. FEA produces immense volumes of output data. The only feasible way of examining this is graphically. Pro/M has very powerful graphics capabilities to examine the results of the FEA displaced shape, stress distributions, mode shapes, etc. Hard copy of the results file and screen display is easy to obtain. 6. Finally, the results must be reviewed critically. In the first instance, the results should agree with our modeling intent. For example, if we look at an animated view of the deformation, we can easily see if our boundary constraints have been implemented properly. The results should also satisfy our intuition about the solution (stress concentration around a hole, for example). If there is any cause for concern, it may be advisable to revisit some aspects of the model and perform the analysis again. Benefits: Pro-engineering Mechanica gives the clear picture of the product performance, and discovers design flaws at early stage. This helps a designer to make any changes in the design and deliver superior quality at first time. Improves user efficiency with an intuitive, familiar user interface Mechanica gives realistic performance solutions and this data can be used to improve the quality of the product by directly applying real world conditions to design geometry. There is lot of limitation in analysing physical prototype; these are overcome by Mechanica in which more scenarios can be evaluated. This save lot of time by avoiding prototypes and analysis time is very less when compared to any other type. Mechanica reduce errors by working in a seamlessly integrated design and simulation environment with no data translation. Simultaneously designing and simulating design variations gives a new idea for an engineer. Thus give an opportunity for innovations. Development cost for the product is decreased by reducing the cost of the prototype or by eliminating the prototypes. (ref:http://www-ipe.uni-duisburg.de/Rechnereinsatz/lehre/pw_download/cad2_cae_promech_tut_toogood_2.pdf) TESTING All glazing material must undergo impact load and environmental test requirements and should be labelled by manufactures as per part 1201 SAFETY STANDARD FOR ARCHITECTURAL GLAZING MATERIALS. The impact load being applied at a height of 1100mm to 1500mm above the playing surface, since the ball hits maximum on these heights. Glass walls must satisfy the following conditions: A glass wall in racquetball or squash court subjected to impact load shall remain undamaged following a test impact. The deflection of the walls shall not be greater than 1.5 inches (38mm) at the point of impact. (Ref: Oregon structural specialty code, 2007, chapter: glass and glazing) Testing Equipment The impact test frame is used to minimize the movement and deflection of the specimen during test. The testing equipment used for testing glass panels are shown below. The test specimen will be placed in a frame and the four edges kept fixed. The frame is made up of wood. The inner subframe is used to secure the test specimen edges; the material used for inner subframe is neoprene strips, which shall be in contact with specimen corners. The pressure on the test specimen shall be controlled, and the compression of the neoprene strips shall be between 10 and 15 percent of the neoprene. To limit the compression of the neoprene and prevent distortion of the subframe, metal shims of an appropriate thickness shall be used. Impact load is applied on the glass by impactor from the height of 48 inches. The impactor shall be a leather punching bag or a rubber bladder. The bag is filled by chilled lead shot of a weight of completed assembly of 100 pounds. After filling the leather bag, it is been tied with a cord or leather thong to a metal sleeve. The exterior of the bag shall be completely covered by  ½ inch wide glass filament reinforced pressure sensitive tape. Impact test procedure: Each specimen (glass panel) shall be struck within 2 inches of its geometric center with the impactor dropped from a single height. Specimen is impacted one time from drop height of 48 inches. If the specimen withstands this impact will pass the quality and reaches the customer. It is very important for the manufacturer to perform the impact test on the glass panel, since it rules from the federation. The manufacturer has to label the following details on the glass panels, like manufactured date, test passed, and test conducted date. The tempered glass is permanently labelled to indicate it conforms to ANSI Z97.1-1972 or 1975 or is accompanied by a certificate certifying conformance to ANSI Z97.1-1972 or 1975. (ref: part 1201 SAFETY STANDARD FOR ARCHITECTURAL GLAZING MATERIALS) IMPACT TESTING WITH PRO /MECHANICA Pro/Mechanica is a multi discipline computer aided engineering tool that enables the user to simulate the physical behaviour of a model, and therefore enable the user to improve the design. Pro/Mechanica can be used to predict how a design will behave in the real world by calculating stresses, deflections, frequencies, heat transfer paths etc. Pro/Mechanic is the most effective analysis tool for testing the impact loads on the glass panels. The above mentioned test procedure is takes long time and prototype required for analysis. Pro/mechanic gives the accurate results for applied loads on the specimen and different sets of load could be applied without redesigning the specimen. The Mechanica packages include thermal, motion simulation and structural analysis. Analysis is the larger set of pull down menus and dialog boxes within CAD packages. Pro/Mechanic is integrated and run simultaneously with the 3Dsolid modelling computer package Pro/Engineer. After a design is modelled, the user may select Pro/Mechanic option to access finite element analysis. There are two types of model for